Fish Gills Essays - Respiratory System, Fish Anatomy, Animal Anatomy

Fish Gills Not all animals have lungs. Many animals live in environments where lungs would be efficient enough for survival. Gills are another type of respiratory system, which are very efficient at removing oxygen from water: there is only 1/20 the amount of oxygen present in water as in the same volume of air. Gills greatly increase the surface area for gas exchange and they occur in a variety of animal groups including arthropods (including some terrestrial crustaceans), annelids, fish, and amphibians. Gills are typically comprised of a gill arch, which contain veins and arteries that supply blood flow to the attached gill filaments. The arches are a rigid stucture which provide support and protection for the attached lamellae. There are usually two types of filaments, which are attached, primary and secondary. Primary lamellae (or gill filaments) extend perpendicular from the gill arch. The filaments are located close together arranged in rows extending from both sides of the gill arches. With usually 4 gill arches side by side per side of the fish (Graham, 1997) the filaments form a ?sieve through which the ventilatory water must pass.? (Evans, 1998) Each primary lamellae house an efferent and afferent blood vessel, which supplies the secondary lamellae. Secondary lamellae extend vertically from the primary lamellae (or filaments) and are placed closely together forming small channels for water to flow through. Each secondary lamella is made up of two sheets of epithelial cells with pillar cells that hold them apart. These pillar cells form small tunnels within each secondary lamellae that act as channels for blood to perfuse through. Pillar cells are used to help regulate gas exchange across the secondary lamellae surfaces. The pillar cells have the ability to expand or contract, increasing or decreasing the size of the blood flow tunnels. This allows more or less blood to perfuse through the tunnels, it also increases or decreases the channel size between two secondary lamella allowing more or less water to perfuse through them. In water with high oxygen content the pillar cells will expand allowing more blood to rush through the lamellae to pick up oxygen while at the same time slowing the amount of high oxygenated water that flow s through the channels in order to prevent the fish from getting too much oxygen. In waters of low oxygen content the pillar cells will contract widening the water flow channels to allow more water to perfuse through, while at the same time allowing less blood to move through the lamellae, for it can only pick up as much oxygen that is present in the water. Water flows through these lamellae channels in one direction while blood flows in the opposite direction through the epithelial cells. This creates a countercurrent flow that maximizes oxygen transfer. The total number of lamellae constitutes the total surface area of the gills available for gas transfer. The number of lamellae per animal is correlated with their size and activity, the larger and more active the animal the more lamellae it will have. (Evans 1998) Gills provide a one-way flow for oxygen to perfuse over them. This one way flow increases their efficiency since there is not much mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated water directly over the gills and there is no ?dead air space? such as the trachea in which oxygenated and deoxygenated water can get mixed. Bibliography: Thr physiology of fishes. David Evans 1998

How to Copyright a Book (in 10 Minutes Or Less)

How to Copyright a Book (in 10 Minutes Or Less) How To Copyright A Book: A Definitive Guide Want to know how to copyright a book you've written? That’s probably a smart idea. You don’t want this nightmarish scenario to occur a year down the road: you’re in a bookstore and you pick up a random novel. You notice that the dialogue sounds familiar. Upon further inspection, you realize that everything in this book is a dead ringer for your work - down to your character Mick, who now goes by Dick.Copyright is something authors are often curious about, though it’s so complex that few are eager to dip a toe into it. And it needn't  be an author’s first worry. However, if you're self-publishing a book, then the onus is on you to educate yourself on all aspects of the business - which includes protecting your intellectual property.Obligatory disclaimer: no-one at Reedsy is an attorney - this is by no means professional advice. But to make the topic easier for authors to unpack, we conducted research and spoke with practicing attorneys and have unmuddied the waters for you.Want to skip ahead? Check out our  explainer video or  download an infographic that spells out the process of copyright registration.What is copyright?Copyright is just that: the right to copy. When books are published, this right prevents others from replicating your work and selling it (for profit or otherwise) without your consent. jmason@copyrightcounselors.com.Sean Lynch is an intellectual property attorney who provides copyright and trademark advice to clients building businesses and brands. In addition, you can find Sean at slynchlaw.com and thesurflawyer.com.Henry Runge is an  Associate Director of UNeTecH. He protects scientists' inventions and works with entrepreneurs and creatives to develop business opportunities for intellectual property.Finally, to read about the topic straight from the source, visit the U.S. Copyright Office, the U.K. Intellectual Property Office, and the Australian Copyright Council websites.If you're in the finishing stages of completing a book? Check out our blog post that details the technical process of making a book.Any stories to share? Any more questions? Let us know below and we’ll answer all of them personally!

Beatitudes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Beatitudes - Essay Example Although scientific evidences show that each individual carries a unique characteristic, and because of there are different tastes and preferences, there is a common thing that human beings share altogether: the freedom to choose what is desired (Deuteronomy 30:19). This freedom applies to all and is not entirely restricted to the Christian faith. In this freedom, there are things that should be considered by many like what characteristics to retain and what to dispose of. The attributes that a person chooses will determine his path towards one goal: eternal happiness, not here on earth, but in a place called â€Å"paradise.† As what Shakespeare once said: â€Å"To be or not to be, that is the question.† Each individual is gifted with freedom to choose who to follow and which path to take. This freedom is similar to voting for a promising candidate who will lead the nation to success. Some people say that a person gets to choose his or her own destiny but there are factors that affect one’s decisions. Most probably, determining exactly what tomorrow has in store is an impossible endeavor (James 4:14). This is a constantly changing world that is filled with uncertainties which in turn make upcoming events 99.99 percent unpredictable. It makes normal living a bit more difficult. The human race is still taken aback because of the many surrounding wonders and mysteries, even uncertainties that are present in this world. There are things that are either unexplainable or difficult to explain even with the advanced scientific knowledge (Ecclesiastes 8:17). Still, there are circumstances or events that puzzle the human logic and render the most powerful thinking machines useless. In the scientific field, biologists, to date, are still unsuccessful in creating a living cell despite extensive knowledge of its structure and composition. Physicists on the other hand,

Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Decision Making - Essay Example most viable when time is of essence in arriving at quick recommendations and when the decision-maker has established vast experience and expertise that warrants knowledge of the potential outcomes of the decision to be made. Still, most women have been proven to have practiced making decisions based on gut-feel and relying merely on perceptions. In one’s personal experience, decision-making follows the rational decision making process where there are clearly stipulated steps that are structured and where one is expected to adhere to. This has been proven to be most effective in one’s personal and professional experiences in life due to the objectivity it accords me, as the decision-maker, to see various options on a factual perspective; and to have generated the most effective recommendations that have been agreeable or amenable to those affected by the decisions on a longer time frame. Likewise, as emphasized in the discourse entitled â€Å"Why Being Certain Means Being Wrong† there is an evident feeling of â€Å"certainty, in the form of the calm feeling of knowing, (which can ultimately) replace the tension of not knowing† (par. 3). Thus, through rational decision making, one ultimately attains a feeling of sublime calmness in the certainty that the selected course of action is the one that is most plausible, more leaning to accuracy and correctness and the least fallible to error. In a more generalized form, one’s rational decision-making process follows these crucial phases: (1) defining or clearly stating the problem (not the symptoms but the root or main predicament); (2) identifying one’s alternative courses of action (which also includes not doing anything, which is called status quo; and other viable options); (3) using cognitive or analytical tools in evaluating each option (such as enumerating benefits versus costs or advantages versus disadvantages, at the most simplest form; SWOT analysis, if needed; ethical, moral and legal considerations;

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

History - Essay Example The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHC)v is based upon these four freedoms, and this essay will examine which articles correspond to these four freedoms. This essay will also examine Barack Obama’s speech, which also corresponds to the four freedoms as well. Many of the articles correspond to the freedom from fear. This might be because the declarations of human rights are protection documents for people’s lives, so the the UDHC would be focused upon this. Many of the articles seem to deal with issues such as slavery, torture and other atrocities that might happen in a dictatorship or during wartime. For instance, Article 5 states that â€Å"no one shall be subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.† This would definitely be aligned with the freedom from fear – if a person is subjected to some kind of torture, and this is known to the person, then this would definitely induce fear in this person. FDR might have me ant freedom from fear in a broader sense, in that citizens need to be free from other country’s threatening their borders with war, but torture would be in line with this freedom as well. Further, another article that is aligned with the freedom from fear is Article 14 – and this article states that everybody has the right to seek and enjoy asylum in other countries if they are being persecuted. This, too, is based upon the freedom from fear, in that, if individuals are being persecuted, which often happens in countries where there is some kind of ethnic cleansing or the country is under siege from war. Therefore, they have a right, if they are living in fear, to seek asylum from another country where they wouldn’t be living in this fear. Another freedom is the freedom from want. This is somewhat associated with the previous freedom, the freedom from fear, in that want and fear often happen in the same conditions. There is an article that corresponds to this fre edom, as well, and that is Article 17, which is the freedom to own property and also states that nobody shall arbitrarily deprive another person of this property. This corresponds to the freedom from want, in that, if a person owns property, then this is a measure of prosperity and wealth. This also means that the person is less likely to want – if the person does fall on hard times, then the owning of the property can sustain him or her. Owning property is not a guarantee against poverty, but it makes it less likely that poverty would happen to that particular individual. Another article which corresponds to this freedom is Article 23, which states that everybody has a right to work and free choice of employment, without discrimination and with favourable remuneration, which ensures that the person’s family has dignity and respect, as well as means of social protection. This is more related to the freedom from want, because, as with owning property, having a job would ensure some type of economic security. It might be minimal, as, in different countries, wages are known to be quite low, but, even if the pay is minimal, it still is better than nothing. And, no matter how minimal the wage is, the money would still go towards providing the basic necessities of the people of the country, and this would correspond from the freedom from want. Freedom of religion is another important freedom, and some of the articles

Controversy Of Coca Cola Company In India Commerce Essay

Controversy Of Coca Cola Company In India Commerce Essay This case study states the controversy of Coca Cola Company in India because of the allegations of CSE (Centre for Science and the Environment) which stated the presence of high levels of pesticide in 12 cold drinks in and around Delhi. It analysis the controversy to how the stakeholders were affected and also recommends the different strategies that could have been used to tackle the situation in a better way. This controversy is the biggest crisis in Coca Cola India which affected the company in a big and negative way. CONTENT Introduction..3 Analysis.3-4 Stakeholders theory.5 Recommendations..6-7 Conclusion8 References9 INTRODUCTION Coca Cola Company is the worlds largest beverage company with manufacturing, distributing and marketing of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates around the world. Coca Cola brand and formula was bought by Asa Candler in 1889 who integrated the Coca Cola Company in 1892. Coca Cola offers almost 400 brands in more than 200 countries. CSE had a press release which stated some 12 cold drink brands in and around Delhi contained a deadly cocktail of pesticide residue in it. The tests were conducted by the Pollution Monitoring Laboratory which found 12 cold drink brands containing pesticide residue exceeding the global standards by 35 times (Sanjeev Gupta 2003). Since the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has an unclear and indeterminate standards for pesticide residues, CSE used the European standard for maximum acceptable limits for pesticide in package water. The pesticide that has been found is harmful for the human body, which were known to cause cancer, birth defects and severe damage to the immune system, nerves and reproductive systems. All these aspects, social, environmental, ethical and political, are affected and each play an important part in the whole crisis in Coca Cola (India Kaye- Jennifer 2005). ANALYSIS Many of the scientists have been arguing that the pesticide which is a by-product of Indias agriculture industry, leaked into the groundwater which Coco Cola uses for the manufacturing of the drinks. Most of the industries in India are required to meet an acceptable amount of pesticide allowed but when tested; the level was far more than the acceptable level (Coco-cola in India. 2012). In a matter of only 2 3 weeks the sale of Coca Cola dropped by 40 percent. The President and CEO of Coca Cola India, Sanjiv Gupta denied the allegations made by CSE and also stated them to be unaccredited and misleading. They even challenged the credibility of CSE and their results and plan to make the data public. On one hand the tests done by CSE, resulted in the exceeding presence of pesticide in those 12 samples but on the other hand when the government did the tests, it found no unsafe level of pesticide which was stated by the Minster of health and family welfare (Indian Resource Center 2012). CSE disputed the testing and stated that both the results cannot be right. Later Coca Cola hiked the prices by 15 percent in India giving the reasons that the hike in prices will cover up the increase in raw material, the cost of distribution and also the effect of the false pesticide accusation which led to a decline (Brady, D 2007). This uproar also crossed across to the United States where the University of Michigan stopped the sale of Coca Cola products along with universities like New York University, Rutgers University New Jersey and Santa Clara University California which also stopped the sale of Coca Cola products. All these universities had a 1.4 million contract with Coke. In India, Coca Cola teamed up PepsiCo on a campaign to prove that their products were safe and they also issued a combined statement in the crisis through ISDMA (Indian Soft Drinks Manufacturers Association). They also stated that the customer safety was their priority and that the soft drinks which are manufactured in India fulfil the international as well as the national norms and regulations (Indias cola crisis bubbles up 2003). Coke was under a lot of pressure by the protestors, who even attacked the shops in Delhi which sold Coca Cola products. The Indian Supreme Court also pressurized the company to reveal the secret recipe which has been kept a secret for almost 120 years, so that more testing could be done. States like Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh banned the Coca Cola products and wanted a nationwide ban (Amelia Gentleman 2012). Sales dropped by 40 percent and also the Coca Cola Bottling Company stock went down by 5 percent. This is arguably the biggest controversy in Coca Cola Company in India (Reynolds, J 2007).Coke concentrated more on arguing the allegation made by CSE of the pesticide charges instead of concentrating on getting back the support of the customers, especially in India. This caused a backfire as stated by Richard.S.Lewick who specialises in crisis management. All this led to the main concern of winning back the support of the consumers, quality issue, environmental issue and political is sue (Fraser P. Seitel 2010). THE STAKEHOLERS THEORY MANAGEMENT EMPLOYEES INVESTORS COCACOLA COMPANY SUPPLIERS LOCAL COMMUNITY GOVERNMENT CUTOMERS CONSUMERS The table below states the degree of importance and the power of influence of each stakeholder individually: STAKEHOLDERS DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE POWER OF INFLUENCE Employees 5 4 Investors 5 4 Suppliers 5 4 Management 5 5 Consumers 5 4 Customers 5 5 Government 5 5 Local community 4 3 RECOMMENDATIONS I hope the following recommendations and strategies will help Coca Cola rebuild its image and reputation in India to increase sale of Coca Cola products, improve the ratings and also earn back and regain the trust of the people in India. Internal recommendations: The first priority should be to re examine the testing amenities and update the water purification system throughout the plants in India since the company dedicates to offer healthy and refreshing products (Earth Talk 2012). The employees should also be regularly updated on how the crisis is being administered. A mandatory bi monthly meeting should be held which will brief on the lab results, procedure and the new policies. A toll free 800 number can be created where the customers can call and ask the operators with any questions they might have and want cleared. External recommendations: Immediately after the CSE allegations and the press release of high level of pesticide in Coca Cola products, the President and CEO of Coca Cola India should have held a news conference addressing the issue and assuring the public that the company is dedicated to offering high quality product and that the Coca Cola independent tests have resulted in the support of the standards set by the European Economic Commission (EEC), and the officials also should take care of not admitting to the guilt but assuring that the company is dedicated and loyal to the safety of the people and always keeps on researching on improving all the products. The company should also have increased the transparency by making the lab results public on quality control etc., on their website. Instead of attacking the CSE for the allegations made by them, joining forces with them would help a lot in solving the problem which would avert the loss of customers in India and also around the world. Coca Cola Company could also have stated that the tests done by CSE, was done by a third party. The company could have been less offensive which would make the public believe that the company is taking this matter seriously and they do care about the health and safety of the public (Nandlal Master,  Lok Samiti  Amit Srivastava 2008).   Another recommendation can be a case of DENIAL i.e. Coca Cola India can just ignore the allegations made by CSE. Coca Cola being a powerful brand could deny the allegations, by just ignoring it because eventually after a while the people will forget about it. This is a simple alternative but it can also backfire because the reporters are known to criticise and make an issue through media. Even though the NGOs are small, but the public trusts them more which could turn out to be a disaster for Coca Cola. Just as in the case of Belgium, a couple of years earlier, Coca Cola India could arrange a PR campaign which would help them regain customer loyalty. In the case of Belgium, the company there arranged a PR campaign in which vouchers, products were being delivered to the house and offered which worked for Belgium because it only consists of 4.4 million households which is comparatively less to that of India. So the PR campaign plan has to be tailored to reach out to the people in India. It can also show and demonstrate that Coca Cola is not just a huge greedy company which concentrates only on profits but is a global citizen which also gives back to the people of the community. This strategy will also help build an image which will show the company as to being responsible both socially and environmentally. Coca Cola India can go green and create a green logo which can be put up and stamped in all the bottles and cans of the soft drinks products so when the people buy the product they have an assurance and a satisfaction that the product is safe. This will not only show that the product is safe for consumptions but also that it is not harmful to the environment. A regular taste testing could be organised in the urban and rural communities so that the people themselves could give feedbacks on the quality of the product and as to how to make it better. This can also include community services with the people cleaning the river, streets, ponds etc (Cokes crime in India 2004). When the improvement in the quality is made the public will automatically start working in behalf of the company to restore and promote the product while the company continually keeps on the quality of the product and the public safety as their priority. CONCLUSION It can be assured that the recommendations and strategies mentioned above will prove itself to be socially and environmentally responsible which prioritizes the safety of the public in providing safe and delicious soft drinks which will eventually lead to the sustainability of Coca Cola India.co and its profit. The crisis spotlights on the factors and commodities like clean drinking water, which cannot be taken lightly and is a serious matter which needs to be made a priority and the quality of the product should continually be examined and updated. The transparency of Coca Cola India was also questioned. The analysis of the crisis regarding socio- ecological and political changes, all are covered here as in the government taking a stand, environmental measures and public safety (Desertplace 2009). Coca Cola India learnt a lot of things from this crisis as to making public safety their priority and not neglecting the main issues which concerns with the safety of the consumers and als o the environment.

Hinduism vs. Buddhism :: essays research papers

Hinduism and Buddhism are the two main religions of Ancient India. Both religions share common beliefs and have their differences. Some differences are the gods worshiped, the founders of the religions and the holy books worshiped. Both religions are similar and different at the same time. In the Hindu religion, the founder was not one person alone. Hinduism was developed over 3500 years ago by the Aryans. The Hindu religion was developed around the caste system. Important books of the Hindu religion are the Vedas. The Hindus are polytheistic, or they believe in many Gods. The caste system was the social class of India. At the top of the caste system were the Brahmins or the priests. Below them were the warriors followed by the merchants, the farm workers and lastly the untouchables. Some goals of the Hindus are to reach Moksha, or to be free of the caste system. The Hindu religion had many priests and religious rituals. Hinduism is still important and followed by people in India today. In the Buddhism religion, there was only one founder. The founder was the Siddhartha Gantina. Siddhartha founded Buddhism in 560 B.C. Buddhists rejected the caste system. Instead they focused on individuals. Important books of the Buddhist religion are the Triptakas. Buddhists have no Gods. They believed if you follow the Four Nobile Truths and the Eight Fold Path, you will live a great life. Buddhism is important throughout Asia, but there are few followers of Buddhism in India today. Hinduism and Buddhism share some beliefs as well. Both religions told people to live moral lives. People tried to live non-violent lives, or ahimsa. Both religions accepted reincarnation, which is the belief that after someone passes away, their soul, comes back to life in another body. The goal was to be united with an all powerful, spiritual force. They both thought animals were sacred.

Monopolistic vs Oligopolistic Essay

Monopolistic and Oligopolistic are pretty much the same except for the size of the manufacturing companies. In simple terms, a monopoly is where there is a single seller in the marketing industry and an oligopoly is where there is small group of sellers in the same field in marketing industries. When it comes to a monopolistic competition, this is where a market structure has a large number of sellers, each of which is relatively small and posse a very small market share. An oligopoly market is where there are fewer large producers who are present in the industry world and account for most of the output in the industry, there are many small firms but these few large firms dominate and have concentrated market shares. Oligopoly also has more barriers to entry than a monopolistic. I would say that Comcast the cable company is a Monopolistic competition in the market right now. The reason I say this, is because there is not much options for entertainment when it comes to cable. Comcast has made their name around the country, providing what other companies are not. Making them a monopoly amounts other companies. I would consider breakfast cereal companies an oligopoly because there are four breakfast cereal manufactures that I know of, Kellogg, Post, Quaker and General Mills. Because there are only four companies competing to make breakfast cereal, they are called an oligopoly. Whereas, only one company competing to provide cable TV to the customers, they are called monopoly.

Industry Overview paper (Automotive)

Industry Overview paper (Automotive) The automotive industry has a long history, with a strong part in the economics of the country. We will discuss a brief history of the automotive industry and give a brief overview. We will also give a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats, and Trends (SWOTT) analysis of the industry. We will also address the impact of the real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the unemployment rate, and the inflation rate as measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI). We will also include and discuss three economic indicators, auto sales, personal income, and Federal Reserve actions.History of the Automotive IndustryThe automotive industry is the area of commerce that plans, designs, manufacturer's, and markets automobile models. The automobile industry is concerned with profits and competition; with consumer demands for styling, safety, and efficiency; and with labor relations and manufacturing efficiency. The first successful self-propelled road vehicle was a steam automobile invented in 1770 by the French engineer Nicolas Joseph Cugnot (1725-1804).Brush Electric BusThe purpose of the self-propelled vehicle was to transport artillery, and the vehicle ran on three wheels. In Great Britain the inventors William Murdock (1754-1839) and James Watt constructed another form of automobile in 1781, and in 1784 Murdock and Watt produced a model of a wagon that used the power of a high-pressure, non-condensing steam engine. The British inventor Richard Trevithick built the first automobile built to carry passengers in 1801. In the U.S., the inventor Oliver Evans (1755-1819) obtained the first patent on a steam carriage in 1789. In 1803, he built a self-propelled steam dredge, regarded as the first self-propelled vehicle to operate over American roads. By, 1830 steam coaches were in regular daily use to transport passengers over English roads. Starting in 1831 restrictive legislation in England forced the steam coaches off the roads, and by...

drug War essays

drug War essays How many people have heard about the Drug War the US is supposedly fighting? A few months ago in another class we were asked whether we thought Marijuana should be legalized in class and seven people were against legalizing it, six were for it, and four were undecided. Those numbers are pretty close and could have gone either way if the undecided had picked one side or the other. Much of the drug war puts Marijuana users away. There are many arguments for and against the Drug War that the US is trying to fight and much of it pertains to the mandatory minimum sentencing the US has and the cost of keeping drug users in jail. The number one reason why I believe we should stop the so called drug war in this country is that the government is spending to much of our taxes to fight a losing battle. I have not seen any results in this fight and believe it is a waste of time and money. There are many ways the government is wasting our money on this fight. Former President Bill Clinton gave hundreds of billions of dollars to Columbia and other countries governments to help stop drugs from coming into the US. These countries governments probably receive money from the drug dealers in there country to sell drugs in the US. Then before Bill Clinton left office he pardoned a number of drug users including his half brother. Although I agree with letting these people go I find it a bit hypocritical. Another way the government is spending our taxes is by allowing outrageous laws and mandatory minimum sentences that lock tens of thousands of people up for possession longer then someone who rapes or murders someone. According to the US Justice Department Bureau of Prison Statistics about 60% of federal prisoners are drug offenders and just 3% are violent offenders. Whereas violent offenders serve an average of 54% of their prison term, drug offenders are legally required to se ...

What is gender culture With reference to Sabrina Petra Ramet's paper Essay

What is gender culture With reference to Sabrina Petra Ramet's paper Gender Reversals and Gender Cultures - Essay Example ies regarding the type of gender differences, the levels of gender inequality, and the amount of violence that is necessary to maintain both systems of difference and domination. Following Ramet (1996): ]Gender culture† â€Å"is meant a society’s understanding of what is possible, proper, and perverse in gender-linked behavior, and more specifically, that set of values, mores, and assumptions which establishes which behaviors are to be seen as gender –linked† (2). Gender culture is a socially constructed phenomenon which reflects social values and perception of male and female members by others. This process occurs through a complex interaction of identification processes, symbol systems, and social institutions, gender differences are produced--typically in the form of a dichotomy that not only opposes masculinity to femininity but also translates these oppositional differences into gender hierarchy, the privileging of traits and activities defined as masculine over those defined as feminine. Ramet (1996) explains that: â€Å"gender cultures also define the limits of social tolerance and, in this regard, may be seen within the scope of the overarching cultural system as a whole† (3). Similar ideas are expressed by Moir and Jessel (1992) who stated that it is important to recognize the cultural variation in how gender differences are formed and expressed, it is also important to stress the political nature of gender as a system of diff erence construction and hierarchical dichotomy production that is constitutive of almost all contemporary societies. In societies, gender is about power, and power is gendered (115). Dress, make-up and occupation are vivid examples of ‘gender culture’ For instance, â€Å"Casting a woman in the role of King Lear or Hamlet tantalizes the audience with veiled allusions to female gender culture, and prompts questions about the gender ambiguity of behavior â€Å"(Ramet 7). Ramet underlines that sexual differences in certain adaptive

Marketing Plan - pricing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Plan - pricing - Essay Example The article overall was a good read, and provided much insight into the paths and steps a company should take when trying to price their item, and how they should expect each different scenario to play out for them depending on their pricing actions. 2. The item I have chosen is the Nintendo Wii video game console. While it did not create a market in of itself, its blue ocean strategy has changed the video game market currently, if not forever. The first two years of its life it was most certainly in the Markey introduction stage, with Nintendo using all sorts of press and a hand on approach to try to get as many people as possible to try out and believe in their new product. Now however it seems to be in the growth stage, with sales numbers skyrocketing unlike anything a video game console has ever seen before. Product is still hard to find in many markets, and public awareness is huge with all the publicity and good press the system has been getting as of late. I believe Nintendo now needs to prepare for it to continue into its mature stage, and be ready to cut costs or make any other marketing plans for the future of its success video game system.